tonight I had a dream about being made a moderator on this forum for some reason
I also had a dream about consuming marijuana like it's some sort of sugar
[IMG]http://i.imgur.com/fNM6jc5.png[/IMG]
[code]Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity or apathy that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being.[1][2]
People with a depressed mood can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, angry,[3] ashamed or restless. They may lose interest in activities that were once pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, experience relationship difficulties and may contemplate, attempt or commit suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, aches, pains, digestive problems or reduced energy may also be present.[4]
Depressed mood is a feature of some psychiatric syndromes such as major depressive disorder,[2] but it may also be a normal reaction, as long as it does not persist long term, to life events such as bereavement, a symptom of some bodily ailments or a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. A DSM diagnosis distinguishes an episode (or 'state') of depression from the habitual (or 'trait') depressive symptoms someone can experience as part of their personality.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Causes
1.1 Life events
1.2 Personality
1.3 Medical treatments
1.4 Substance-induced
1.5 Non-psychiatric illnesses
1.6 Psychiatric syndromes
1.7 Historical legacy
1.8 Racial issue
2 Assessment
3 Treatment
4 Sex differences
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Causes
Melencolia I (ca. 1514), by Albrecht Dürer.
Life events
Adversity in childhood, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse and unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood.[6][7] Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the life course.[8]
Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, work stress, a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and catastrophic injury.[9][10][11] Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing depressed mood following social rejection, peer pressure and bullying.[12] As well as this, infants who were exposed to their depressed mothers showed growth and development delays at the age of 12 months.[13]
Personality
Meta-analyses show that high scores on the personality domain neuroticism precede the development of depressive symptoms as well as all kinds of depression diagnoses,[14] also after adjustment for baseline levels and psychiatric history. Depression is also associated with low extraversion.[15]
Medical treatments
Certain medications are known to cause depressed mood in a significant number of patients. These include medications for hepatitis C (such as interferon), anxiety and sleep (such as benzodiazepines like alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam and diazepam), high blood pressure (such as beta-blockers, methyldopa, reserpine), and hormonal treatments (such as corticosteroids, contraceptives).[16][17][18] It is important for these factors to be considered when treatment of depression is considered.
Substance-induced
Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs like heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.[16]
Non-psychiatric illnesses
Main article: Depression (differential diagnoses)
Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions[19] and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, stroke,[20] diabetes,[21] and cancer.[22]
Psychiatric syndromes
Main article: Depressive mood disorders
A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.[23] When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder. Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder often features an extremely intense depressive mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;[24]:355 and posttraumatic stress disorder, an anxiety disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.[25] Depression is sometimes associated with substance use disorder. Both legal and illegal drugs can cause substance use disorder.[26]
Historical legacy
Main article: Dispossession, oppression and depression
Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions.[27][28]
Racial issue
There is a racial difference when considering people facing depression in the USA. For example, adult African-Americans are 20 percent more likely to report serious psychological distress than adult whites.[29] Also, African American men suffer from serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes and cancer at much higher rates than white men, and these diseases and disorders are known to be significant risk factors for depression.[30] By 2016 there is a huge lack of psychological specialists among black people. Whites dominate the psychological and psychiatric professions, as only 2 percent of licensed mental health professionals are African-American, and about three-fourths of these are women. Many African-American men feel uncomfortable revealing their feelings to people who do not share their cultural background, and a shortage of African-American male therapists also means a lack of role models for future scholars who might be searching for a way to give back to their communities.[31] A research conducted by Sirry Alang, a Pennsylvania Lehigh University assistant professor of sociology and anthropology, shows that many African-Americans see depression as a sign of weakness and not a health issue.[32]
Assessment
Questionnaires and checklists such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Children's Depression Inventory can be used by a mental health provider to help detect, and assess the severity of depression.[33]
Treatment
Main article: Management of depression
Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment.[34] Different sub-divisions of depression have different treatment approaches.[35] In the United States, it has been estimated that two thirds of people with depression do not actively seek treatment.[36] The World Health Organisation (WHO) has predicted that by 2030, depression will account for the highest level of disability accorded any physical or mental disorder in the world (WHO, 2008).[37]
The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.[38] A recent meta-analysis also indicated that most antidepressants, besides fluoxetine, do not seem to offer a clear advantage for children and adolescents in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder.[39]
Sex differences
Main article: Sex differences in depression
Women have a higher rate of major depression than men. While women have a greater proportion of somatic symptoms, such as appetite, sleep disturbances and fatigue accompanied by pain and anxiety, than men, the gender difference is much smaller in other aspects of depression.[40] Instances of suicide in men is much greater than in women. In a report by Lund University in Sweden and Stanford University, it was shown that men commit suicide at a rate almost three times that of women in Sweden, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control report that the rate in the US is almost four times as many males as females.[41] However, women have higher rates of suicide ideation and attempts.[citation needed] The difference is attributed to men choosing more effective methods resulting in the higher rate of success.[42][43] This research would suggest that women are more likely to discuss their depression, whereas men are more likely to try and hide it. The culture of women being more free to express than men, could be a contributing factor to this phenomenon[citation needed].
See also
Behavioral theories of depression
Existential crisis
Feeling
Melancholia
Sadness
Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression
References
Jump up ^ Salmans, Sandra (1997). Depression: Questions You Have – Answers You Need. People's Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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Jump up ^ "NIMH · Depression". nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Riese, H., Ormel, J., Aleman, A., Servaas, M.N., Jeronimus, B.F. (2016). "Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater: Depressive traits are part and parcel of neuroticism". Neuroimage. 125: 1103. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.012. PMID 26551260.
Jump up ^ Christine Heim; D. Jeffrey Newport; Tanja Mletzko; Andrew H. Miller; Charles B. Nemeroff (July 2008). "The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 33 (6): 693–710. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008. PMID 18602762. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Pillemer, Karl; Suitor, J. Jill; Pardo, Seth; Henderson Jr, Charles (2010). "Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms Among Adult Children". Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (2): 333–345. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x. PMC 2894713Freely accessible. PMID 20607119.
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Jump up ^ Schmidt, Peter (2005). "Mood, Depression, and Reproductive Hormones in the Menopausal Transition". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 Suppl 12B (12): 54–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033. PMID 16414327.
Jump up ^ Rashid, T.; Heider, I. (2008). "Life Events and Depression" (PDF). Annals of Punjab Medical College. 2 (1). Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Mata, D. A.; Ramos, M. A.; Bansal, N; Khan, R; Guille, C; Di Angelantonio, E; Sen, S (2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 314 (22): 2373–2383. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMC 4866499Freely accessible. PMID 26647259.
Jump up ^ Davey, C. G.; Yücel, M; Allen, N. B. (2008). "The emergence of depression in adolescence: Development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 32 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016. PMID 17570526.
Jump up ^ Field, Tiffany (1998-03-01). "Maternal Depression Effects on Infants and Early Interventions". Preventive Medicine. 27 (2): 200–203. doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0293.
Jump up ^ Jeronimus; et al. (2016). "Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants". Psychological Medicine. 46 (14): 2883–2906. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. PMID 27523506.
Jump up ^ Kotov; et al. (2010). "Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis". Psychological bulletin. 136 (5): 768–821. doi:10.1037/a0020327. PMID 20804236.
^ Jump up to: a b American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Jump up ^ Ehret M, Sobieraj DM (February 2014). "Prevention of interferon-alpha-associated depression with antidepressant medications in patients with hepatitis C virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 68 (2): 255–61. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12268. PMID 24372654.
Jump up ^ Cory. "Medical Treatment of Mood Disorder".
Jump up ^ Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. 12 April 2012. ISBN 978-1437704341
Jump up ^ Saravane, D; Feve, B; Frances, Y; Corruble, E; Lancon, C; Chanson, P; Maison, P; Terra, JL; et al. (2009). "Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness". L'Encephale. 35 (4): 330–9. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.10.014. PMID 19748369.
Jump up ^ Rustad, JK; Musselman, DL; Nemeroff, CB (2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (9): 1276–86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005. PMID 21474250.
Jump up ^ Li, M; Fitzgerald, P; Rodin, G (2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 30 (11): 1187–96. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372. PMID 22412144.
Jump up ^ Gabbard, Glen O. Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296.
Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89042-025-4.
Jump up ^ Vieweg, W. V.; Fernandez, D. A.; Beatty-Brooks, M; Hettema, J. M.; Pandurangi, A. K.; Pandurangi, Anand K. (May 2006). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment". Am. J. Med. 119 (5): 383–90. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027. PMID 16651048.
Jump up ^ Zwolinski, Richard and Zwolinski, C.R. Depression and Substance Abuse: The Chicken or the Egg? psychcentral.com
Jump up ^ Cvetkovich, Ann (2012). Depression: A Public Feeling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books. ISBN 0822352389.
Jump up ^ Cox, William T.L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502.
Jump up ^ "African American Communities and Mental Health". [Mental Health America]. 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Breaking the Taboo of Depression Among African American Men". [Lucida Treatment]. 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Breaking the Taboo of Depression Among African American Men". [Lucida Treatment]. 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Unseen Depression Plaguing Black Communities". [Blackmattersus]. 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
Jump up ^ Cheog J et al. (Last reviewed 26 August 2010). Frequently Asked Questions About Depression. PsychCentral.com. Retrieved 11 May 2013
Jump up ^ Depression. UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) October 2009.
Jump up ^ Depression Facts. Psychiatry.wustl.edu. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.
Jump up ^ Manicavasagar, Vijaya (February 2012). "A review of depression diagnosis and management". Australian Psychological Society.
Jump up ^ NICE guidelines, published October 2009. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.
Jump up ^ Cipriani, Andrew (8 June 2016). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis". The Lancet. 388 (10047): 881. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30385-3. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Brett (2002). "Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Somatic Versus Pure Depression: A Replication". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (6): 1051–2. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.1051. PMID 12042198.
Jump up ^ Nauert, Rick. "Men's Suicide Rate is 3 times that of Women". Psychcentral.com.
Jump up ^ Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer. A Gendered Analysis of Sex Differences in Suicide-Related Behaviors:. University of South Alabama.
Jump up ^ AFSP. "Facts and Figures". AFSP. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
External links
APA treatment page for Depression
Bennet J. K. (2014). "Psychiatric Services". Cost utility analysis in depression: the mcsad utility measure for depression health states. 51 (9): 1171–1176. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.9.1171.
Stuber J.P; Rocha A.; Stuber J.P.; Rocha A.; Christian A.; Link B.G. (2014). "Psychiatric Services". Concepts of mental illness:attitudesof mental health professional and the general public. 65 (4): 490–497. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300136.[/code]
[IMG]https://i.imgur.com/ui3hn7N.gif[/IMG]
Hapiness you will not find.
Only pain and suffering you can ever find in here.
Returning to life time and
again since the ancient middle ages,
the evil lord Dracula has driven people to terror.
Each time Dracula returned from the dead,
the Belmont clan fought him in the shadows,
wielding the holy whips.
Through their efforts,
humanity avoided the darkness,
securing prosperity.
But,early in 19th century,having lost
their ability to resist the darkness,
those in positions of power at the time began
to search for new ways to counter Dracula.
Our organization,Ecclesia was born then as
one of those countermeasures.
Many organization were established with the same goal,
and day after day,they conducted their studies diligently,
but each was dissolved when they failed to produce satisfactory result.
But,that was when Barlowe,the leader of Ecclesia
finally made a surprising breakthrough that could
stands up against Dracula.