Also a quick word of advice. Never get a cheap packet of miso soup from Kroger. As much as you may tell yourself "well I'm broke and it can't be too bad," it can be. Regrets will soon follow.
does anybody know why youtube skips videos when i play them from a playlist and how to stop that
[QUOTE=PollytheParrot;45530202]Is it bad that I want to have like 8-10 kids
then like quadruple that in grandkids
and quadruple that in great grandkids
I want to be the almost-deaf, still badass and in great shape great grandpa at the massive family reunion that has like 200-300 people there and I'm the head of it all. Literally the patriarch of my clan, since I'm the only male of my entire generation on both sides of the family
"I created this...with my dick"[/QUOTE]
I hope you don't mind spending the rest of your life in near poverty and never have the slight amount of time to yourself or in silence.
[QUOTE=B!N4RY;45530803]I hope you don't mind spending the rest of your life in near poverty and never have the slight amount of time to yourself or in silence.[/QUOTE]
I don't really care about money all that much since I have plenty of it, and I'm on track to make plenty more, and a big family to love and care for and raise a proper and loving way would be satisfying in itself
[QUOTE=PollytheParrot;45530838]I don't really care about money all that much since I have plenty of it, and I'm on track to make plenty more, and a big family to love and care for and raise a proper and loving way would be satisfying in itself[/QUOTE]
You and I have very different opinions in life. Guess that's why we're not the same person.
[QUOTE=PollytheParrot;45530838]I don't really care about money all that much since I have plenty of it, and I'm on track to make plenty more, and a big family to love and care for and raise a proper and loving way would be satisfying in itself[/QUOTE]
I don't want to burst your dream bubble or anything, but you're being too optimistic about this view.
The average cost of raising a single child to 18 year old is around $250,000, with inflation excluded. A family of 10 will cost you $2.5 million minimum. This is only the price to keep them alive, healthy, and educated. It does not include any expenses to keep them happy such as buying gifts, toys, and recreational activities. If this is included, this price will increase drastically. At this rate, you'll need a job that pays about $140k per year to be able to raise the children alone, and other factors such as housing, car and whatever other expenses that are not directly related to childcare are excluded.
Money aside, you're forgetting the fact that raising this many children is a huge mental burden as well. You'll be under constant severe stress and possible depression for 18 years or maybe even more until your children actually becomes matures enough to understand that your parenting is for their own good and gives you the care you deserves. There's a lot more work involved than you can possibly think of during these years, and this is often why the kids of families with large number of siblings don't always come out steller because the parents can't possibly put enough care and attention to each and every one of them enough as opposed to a family with fewer children.
In the end, the amount of stress and burden brought onto yourself for the first 18 years isn't worth the gain at all. I'd maybe have two kids of my kids at the most, but I definitely don't think I can handle more. It's just not too realistic to have too many kids, as the gains are being significantly outweighted by the amount of effort you put into it.
I just live my life by the 3 no's. No kids, no wife, no pets.
[QUOTE=Levelog;45530973]I just live my life by the 3 no's. No kids, no wife, [B]no pets.[/B][/QUOTE]
You poor thing :c
Pets are just unnecessary imo. Unless I live somewhere that requires me get a beast of a guard dog, or I take up frequent waterfowl hunting.
If you don't mind me asking how old are you?
21
[editline]29th July 2014[/editline]
Although I guarantee you my reasons are not what you'd expect
[QUOTE=Levelog;45531047]Pets are just unnecessary imo. Unless I live somewhere that requires me get a beast of a guard dog, or I take up frequent waterfowl hunting.[/QUOTE]
listen im following u on the no kids but dogs is my family
[editline][noparse]{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}{{about|furniture}}[[File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 138.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Vincent's Chair'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]]]]
A '''chair''' is a piece of [[furniture]] with a raised surface used to sit on, commonly for use by one person. Chairs are most often supported by four legs and have a back;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chair| title=Chair| publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chair|title=Chair| publisher= Dictionary.com | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> however, a chair can have three legs or could have a different shape.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dirtcandynyc.com/?p=370| title=3 Legs Good; 4 Legs Bad| publisher=dirtcandynyc | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
A chair without a back or arm rests is a '''[[stool (seat)|stool]]''',<ref>{{cite web| url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stool+?s=t| title=Stool| publisher= Dictionary.com | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or when raised up, a [[bar stool]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/barstool| title=Bar Stool | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> A chair with arms is an '''armchair'''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/armchair| title=Armchair | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and with folding action and inclining footrest, a [[recliner]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/recliner+?s=t| title=Recliner| publisher= Dictionary.com | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> A permanently fixed chair in a train or [[theater (structure)|theater]] is a '''seat'''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/seat| title=Seat | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or, in an airplane, [[airline seat]];<ref>{{cite web| url=http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/airline+seat| title=Airline seat | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> when riding, it is a [[saddle]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/saddle | title=Saddle | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and [[bicycle saddle]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/bicycle+saddle| title=Bicycle saddle | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and for an automobile, a [[car seat]]<ref>{{cite web| url= http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/car+seat| title=Carseat | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or [[infant car seat]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/infant+car+seat| title=Infant carseat | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> With wheels it is a [[wheelchair]]<ref>{{cite web| url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wheelchair?fromAsk=true&o=100074| title=Wheelchair| publisher= Dictionary.com | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and when hung from above, a [[swing (seat)|swing]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/swing| title=Swing | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
A chair for more than one person is a [[couch|couch, sofa, settee, or "loveseat"]];<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/couch| title=Couch | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or a [[Bench (furniture)|bench]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bench| title=Bench | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> A separate footrest for a chair is known as an [[Ottoman (furniture)|ottoman]],<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ottoman | title=Ottoman| publisher= Merriam-Webster | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> hassock<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hassock| title=Hassock| publisher= Merriam-Webster | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or [[pouffe]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pouffe| title=Pouffe | publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
==History of the chair==
{{main|History of the chair}}
[[File:Old-table-and-chairs.jpg|thumb|Five three-legged chairs around a low-legged table from [[Sliven]] 19th Century Lifestyle Museum]]
[[File:SalisChair.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Early twentieth century chair made in eastern [[Australia]], with strong [[heraldic]] embellishment]]
The chair is known for its antiquity and simplicity, although for many centuries it was an article of state and dignity rather than an article of ordinary use. "The chair" is still extensively used as the emblem of authority in the [[House of Commons]] in the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palace-s-interiors/speaker-s-chair/ | title=Architecture of the Palace | publisher=www.parliament.uk| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/Collections/collection_profiles/CP_speakers_chairs-e.htm| title=Speaker’s Chairs | publisher=The House of Commons| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and in many other settings.
Committees, boards of directors, and academic departments all have a 'chairman'.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Chair+(academic)| title=Professor|publisher= The Free Dictionary By Farlex|accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> Endowed professorships are referred to as chairs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hinckleyendowment.utah.edu/what.html| title=What is an "Endowed Chair?" | publisher=The University of Utah | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
In fact, it was not until the 16th century that it became common anywhere. Until then the [[Chest (furniture)|chest]], the [[Bench (furniture)|bench]] and the stool were the ordinary seats of everyday life, and the number of chairs which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly limited; most examples are of [[ecclesiastical]] or [[Manorialism|seigneurial]] origin.<ref name="mainville-furniture">{{cite web| url=http://www.mainville-furniture.com/catalogues/list.php?type_id=144&man_id=2227&retailerID=2289| title=Chairs | publisher=Mainviille-Furniture| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> Our knowledge of the chairs of remote [[ancient history|antiquity]] is derived almost entirely from monuments, sculpture and paintings.<ref name="mainville-furniture"/>
Chairs were in existence since at least the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt]]. They were covered with cloth or leather, were made of carved wood and were much lower than today’s chairs, chair seats were sometimes only 25 cm high.<ref name="reshafim">{{cite web| url= http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/furniture.htm| title=Furniture | publisher=Ancient Egyptian Furniture| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> In ancient [[Egypt]] chairs appear to have been of great richness and splendor. Fashioned of ebony and ivory, or of carved and [[gilded]] [[wood]], they were covered with costly materials, magnificent patterns and supported upon representations of the legs of beasts or the figures of captives.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://library.businesschairs.com/chairs-of-the-ancient-world.html| title=Chairs of the Ancient World| publisher= businesschairs.com | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> Generally speaking, the higher ranked an individual was, the taller and more sumptuous was the chair he sat on and the greater the honor. On state occasions the pharaoh sat on a throne, often with a little footstool in front of it.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/furniture.htm| title=Furniture | publisher=Ancient Egyptian Furniture| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
The average Egyptian family seldom had chairs, and if they did, it was usually only the master of the household who sat on a chair. Among the better off, the chairs might be painted to look like the ornate inlaid and carved chairs of the rich, but the craftsmanship was usually poor.<ref name="reshafim"/>
The earliest images of chairs in China are from sixth-century Buddhist murals and stele, but the practice of sitting in chairs at that time was rare. It was not until the twelfth century that chairs became widespread in China. Scholars disagree on the reasons for the adoption of the chair. The most common theories are that the chair was an outgrowth of indigenous Chinese furniture, that it evolved from a camp stool imported from Central Asia, that it was introduced to China by Christian missionaries in the seventh century, and that the chair came to China from India as a form of Buddhist monastic furniture. In modern China, unlike Korea or Japan, it is no longer common to sit at floor level.<ref>Kieschnick, John. ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'', Princeton University Press, 2003, pp.222-248.</ref>
In Europe, it was owing in great measure to the [[Renaissance]] that the chair ceased to be a privilege of state, and became a standard item of furniture for anyone who could afford to buy it. Once the idea of privilege faded the chair speedily came into general use. We find almost at once that the chair began to change every few years to reflect the fashions of the day.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/11_chair.html| title= From Benches to Barstools: A History of Chairs, Posture, and Society
| publisher= Random History| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
In the 1880s, chairs became more common in American households and usually there was a chair provided for every family member to sit down to dinner. By the 1830s, factory-manufactured “fancy chairs” like those by Sears. Roebuck, and Co. allowed families to purchase machined sets. With the Industrial Revolution, chairs became much more available.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/11_chair.html| title= From Benches to Barstools: A History of Chairs, Posture, and Society| publisher= Random History| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology in chair construction with such things as all-metal folding chairs, metal-legged chairs, the [[Slumber Chair]],{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} moulded plastic chairs<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dwr.com/product/eames-molded-plastic-side-chair-dsr.do| title=Eames® Molded Plastic Eiffel Side Chair | publisher=Design Within Reach| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and ergonomic chairs.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/chair.html | title=What is an ergonomic chair? | publisher=Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> The recliner became a popular form, at least in part due to radio and television.
The modern movement of the 1960s produced new forms of chairs: the [[butterfly chair]] (originally called the Hardoy chair),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://popular.ebay.com/home-living/butterfly-chair.htm| title=Butterfly chair| publisher=ebay | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> [[bean bag#Furniture|bean bag]]s,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.beanbagzilla.com/Bean_Bag_Frequently_Asked_Questions_s/37.htm| title=Bean Bag Chair FAQ| publisher=Bean Bag Zilla | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> and the egg-shaped pod chair that turns.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bluesuntree.co.uk/site/living/lounge-chairs/aarnio-egg-pod-chair-reproduction| title=Egg Pod Chair| publisher=bluesuntree | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> Technological advances led to molded [[plywood]] and wood [[laminate]] chairs, as well as chairs made of [[leather]] or [[polymers]]. Mechanical technology incorporated into the chair enabled adjustable chairs, especially for [[office chair|office]] use. Motors embedded in the chair resulted in [[massage chair]]s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Massage+chair
| title=Massage Chair| publisher= The Free Dictionary By Farlex| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://furniture.about.com/od/furnitureterms/qt/massage_actions.htm| title=Definitions for Massage Actions for Massage Chairs| publisher=About.com Furniture | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
==Materials==
[[File:Paris Chaises jardin des Tuileries 2014.jpg|thumbnail|Metal chairs in the [[Tuileries Garden]], [[Paris]], [[France]].]]
The design may be made of [[porous]] materials, or be [[drilling|drilled]] with holes for decoration; a low back or gaps can provide [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]]. The back may extend above the height of the occupant's head, which can optionally contain a [[headrest]]. Chairs can also be made from more creative materials, such as recycled materials like cutlery and wooden play bricks, pencils, plumbing tubes, rope and pvc pipe.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.home-designing.com/2009/03/recycled-chairs| title=26 Chairs Made from Recycled Materials| publisher= Home-Designing | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
Raimonds Cirulis, a Latvian interior designer, created a Volcanic Hanging Chair that is a 100% handmade piece of furniture and is made out of volcanic rock.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bornrich.com/hanging-chair-made-volcanic-rock.html| title= Hanging chair made out of Volcanic Rock| publisher= BornRich: Home of Luxur | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> Peter Brenner, a Dutch-born German designer, has created a chair made from lollipop sugar, made from 60 pounds of confectioners' sugar.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663657/a-chair-made-from-lollipop-sugar-customized-with-your-licks|title=A Chair Made From Lollipop Sugar, Customized With Your Licks
| publisher= Co.DESIGN | accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref>
==Design and ergonomics==
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
[[File:Panton Stuhl.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Panton Chair|S Chair]], Designed by [[Verner Panton]]]]
[[File:Plane Leg Room Diagram.GIF|thumb|left|The difference between Leg Room and Seat Pitch]]
Chair design considers intended usage, [[ergonomic]]s (how comfortable it is for the occupant),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/chair.html| title=What is an ergonomic chair?| publisher= Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> as well as non-ergonomic functional requirements such as size, stacking ability, folding ability, weight, durability, stain resistance and artistic design. Intended usage determines the desired seating position. "Task chairs",<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.relaxtheback.com/office/ergonomic-chairs/task-chairs.html| title=Ergonomic Task Chairs| publisher= RELAX THE BACK| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sit4less.com/landing-pages/Task-chairs/12| title=Task chair| publisher= Sit4Less| accessdate=2012-05-13}}</ref> or any chair intended for people to work at a desk or table, including dining chairs, can only recline very slightly; otherwise the occupant is too far away from the desk or table. [[Dental chair]]s are necessarily reclined. Easy chairs for watching television or movies are somewhere in between depending on the height of the screen.
Ergonomic design distributes the weight of the occupant to various parts of the [[human body|body]]. A seat that is higher results in dangling feet and increased pressure on the underside of the knees ("[[popliteal fossa|popliteal fold]]"). It may also result in no weight on the feet which means more weight elsewhere. A lower seat may shift too much weight to the "seat bones" ("[[ischial tuberosities]]").
A reclining seat and back will shift weight to the occupant's back. This may be more comfortable for some in reducing weight on the seat area, but may be problematic for others who have bad backs. In general, if the occupant is supposed to sit for a long time, weight needs to be taken off the seat area and thus "easy" chairs intended for long periods of sitting are generally at least slightly reclined. However, reclining may not be suitable for chairs intended for work or eating at table.
The back of the chair will support some of the weight of the occupant, reducing the weight on other parts of the body. In general, backrests come in three heights: Lower back backrests support only the [[lumbar]] region. Shoulder height backrests support the entire back and [[shoulders]]. [[Headrest]]s support the head as well and are important in vehicles for preventing "[[whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]]" neck injuries in rear-end collisions where the head is jerked back suddenly. [[recliner|Reclining chairs]] typically have at least shoulder height backrests to shift weight to the shoulders instead of just the [[lower back]].
Some chairs have foot rests. A [[bar stool|stool]] or other simple chair may have a simple straight or curved bar near the bottom for the sitter to place his or her feet on.
Some chairs have two curved bands of wood (also known as rockers) attached to the bottom of the legs. They are called [[rocking chair]]s.
[[File:VM 5091 in a small hotel in Gaoqiao Town, Xiangshan County, Hubei.jpg|thumb|The type of chair popular in western [[Hubei]], China: with a fairly low seat and the back inclined at about 45 degrees from the vertical]]
A [[kneeling chair]] adds an additional body part, the knees, to support the weight of the body. A sit-stand chair distributes most of the weight of the occupant to the feet. Many chairs are padded or have [[cushion]]s. Padding can be on the seat of the chair only, on the seat and back, or also on any arm rests and/or foot rest the chair may have. Padding will not shift the weight to different parts of the body (unless the chair is so soft that the shape is altered). However, padding does distribute the weight by increasing the area of contact between the chair and the body. A hard wood chair feels hard because the contact point between the occupant and the chair is small. The same body weight over a smaller area means greater pressure on that area. Spreading the area reduces the pressure at any given point. In lieu of padding, flexible materials, such as wicker, may be used instead with similar effects of distributing the weight. Since most of the body weight is supported in the back of the seat, padding there should be firmer than the front of the seat which only has the weight of the legs to support. Chairs that have padding that is the same density front and back will feel soft in the back area and hard to the underside of the knees.
There may be cases where padding is not desirable. For example, in chairs that are intended primarily for outdoor use. Where padding is not desirable, contouring may be used instead. A contoured seat pan attempts to distribute weight without padding. By matching the shape of the occupant's [[buttocks]], weight is distributed and maximum pressure is reduced.
[[File:Art decoratifs-prie dieu.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Churchchairs]]
Actual chair dimensions are determined by measurements of the human body or [[anthropometry|anthropometric]] measurements. The two most relevant anthropometric measurement for chair design is the [[popliteal height]] and [[buttock popliteal]] length.
For someone seated, the popliteal height is the distance from the underside of the foot to the underside of the thigh at the knees. It is sometimes called the "stool height." The term "sitting height" is reserved for the height to the top of the head when seated. For American men, the median popliteal height is {{convert|16.3|in|mm}} and for American women it is {{convert|15.0|in|mm}} [http://web.archive.org/web/20090330084142/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pot_anth.html]. The popliteal height, after adjusting for heels, clothing and other issues is used to determine the height of the chair seat. Mass-produced chairs are typically {{convert|17|in|mm}} high.
[[File:Girl Sitting in Chair (tone).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Girl sitting on a chair.]]
For someone seated, the buttock popliteal length is the horizontal distance from the back most part of the buttocks to the back of the lower leg. This anthropometric measurement is used to determine the seat depth. Mass-produced chairs are typically 15-17 inches deep.
Additional anthropometric measurements may be relevant to designing a chair. Hip breadth is used for chair width and armrest width. [[Elbow-joint|Elbow]] rest height is used to determine the height of the armrests. The buttock-knee length is used to determine "leg room" between rows of chairs. "Seat pitch" is the distance between rows of seats. In some airplanes and stadiums the leg room (the seat pitch less the thickness of the seat at thigh level) is so small that it is sometimes insufficient for the average person.
For adjustable chairs, such as an [[office chair]], the aforementioned principles are applied in adjusting the chair to the individual occupant.
'''Caster wheels''' are attached to the feet of chairs to give more mobility
'''[[Gas spring]]s''' are attached to the body of the chair in order to give height adjustment and more comfort to the user
===Armrests===
{{Main|Armrest}}
[[File:Eameslounch.jpg|upright|thumb|right|[[Charles Eames|Eames]] [[Eames Lounge Chair|Lounge Chair and ottoman]]]]
[[File:art deco club chair.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Art deco club chair.]]
A chair may or may not have armrests; chairs with armrests are termed ''armchairs''. In [[French language|French]], a distinction is made between ''fauteuil'' and ''chaise'', the terms for chairs with and without armrests, respectively. If present, armrests will support part of the body weight through the arms if the arms are resting on the armrests. Armrests further have the function of making entry and exit from the chair easier (but from the side it becomes more difficult). Armrests should support the forearm and not the sensitive elbow area. Hence in some chair designs, the armrest is not continuous to the chair back, but is missing in the elbow area.
A [[couch]], [[Bench (furniture)|bench]], or other arrangement of seats next to each other may have armrest at the sides and/or arm rests in between. The latter may be provided for comfort, but also for [[privacy]] e.g. in [[public transport]] and other [[public place]]s, and to prevent lying on the bench. Arm rests reduce both desired and undesired [[proxemics|proximity]]. A loveseat in particular, has ''no'' armrest in between.
See also [[Movie theater#.22The back row.22|seats in movie theaters]], and [[commons:Category:benches|pictures of benches with and without arm rests]].
==Seats==
[[File:Cadeira Palmetal - Modelo I - Preta - Simples.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Polypropylene (molded plastic) seats and stainless steel legs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This type of material is very useful in seaside areas]]
Chair seats vary widely in construction and may or may not match construction of the chair's back (backrest).
Some systems include:
* Center seats where a solid material forms the chair seat
**Solid wood, may or may not be shaped to human contours
**Wood slats, often seen on outdoor chairs
**Padded leather, generally a flat wood base covered in padding and contained in soft leather
**Stuffed fabric, similar to padded leather
**Metal seats of solid or open design
**Molded plastic
**Stone, often [[marble]]
*Open center seats where a soft material is attached to the tops of chair legs or between stretchers to form the seat
**Wicker, woven to provide a surface with give to it
**Leather, may be tooled with a design
**Fabric, simple covering without support
**Tape, wide fabric tape woven into seat, seen in lawn chairs and some old chairs
**[[Caning (furniture)|Caning]],
**Rush, wrapped from [[Juncaceae|rush]], heavy paper, strong grasses, or hand twisted while wrapped with [[cattail]]s to form the seat, usually in a pattern of four trapezoids meeting in the center, and on rare occasions, in elaborate patterns
**[[Phragmites|Reed]],
**[[rawhide (textile)|Rawhide]]
**Splint, [[Ash tree|ash]], [[oak]] or [[hickory]] strips are woven
**Metal, Metal mesh or wire woven to form seat
==Standards and specifications==
[[File:MexicanChairs.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Highly decorated carved-back chairs in [[Mexico]]]]
[[File:Furniture test rig.png|thumb|Testing machine for mechanical tests of stability, safety and functionality (Hegewald & Peschke)]]
Design considerations for chairs have been codified into standards. [[ISO 9241]], "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) -- Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements" is the most common one for modern chair design.
There are multiple specific standards for different types of chairs. [[Dental chair]]s are specified by ISO 6875. Bean bag chairs are specified by [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standard ASTM F1912-98 [http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ASTM+F1912%2D98]. ISO 7174 specifies stability of rocking and tilting chairs. ASTM F1858-98 specifies plastic lawn chairs. ASTM E1822-02b defines the combustibility of chairs when they are stacked.
The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association (BIFMA)[http://www.bifma.org] defines ANSI/BIFMA X5.1 (titled: General-Purpose Office Chairs - Tests) for testing of commercial-grade chairs. It specifies things like [http://www.lifetime.com/TablesAndChairs/bifma.pdf]:
*chair back strength of 150 pounds (68 kg)
*chair stability if weight is transferred completely to the front or back legs
*leg strength of 75 pounds (34 kg) applied one inch (25 mm) from the bottom of the leg
*seat strength of 225 pounds (102 kg) dropped from six inches (150 mm) above the seat
*seat cycle strength of 100,000 repetitions of 125 pounds (57 kg) dropped from 2 inches (50 mm) above the seat
The specification further defines heavier "proof" loads that chairs must withstand. Under these higher loads, the chair may be damaged, but it must not fail catastrophically.
Large institutions that make bulk purchases will reference these standards within their own even more detailed criteria for purchase.
[http://www.tbpc.state.tx.us/spec_lib/425/specs/06-12a.html] Governments will often issue standards for purchases by government agencies (e.g. Canada's [[Canadian General Standards Board]] CAN/CGSB 44.15M [http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=23061] on "Straight Stacking Chair, Steel" or CAN/CGSB 44.232-2002 on "Task Chairs for Office Work with Visual Display Terminal").
Chairs may be rated by the length of time that they may be used comfortably — an 8-hour chair, a 24-hour chair, and so on. Such chairs are specified for tasks which require extended periods of sitting, such as for receptionists or supervisors of a control panel.
==Accessories==
[[File:Stainless Steel Laboratory Pneumatic Chair with wheels.jpg|thumb|upright|right|AISI 304 stainless steel laboratory chair with gas springs and caster wheels. A specific type of chair for a work environment]]
In place of a built-in footrest, some chairs come with a matching [[Ottoman (furniture)|ottoman]]. An ottoman is a short stool intended to be used as a footrest but can sometimes be used as a stool. If matched to a glider, the ottoman may be mounted on swing arms so that the ottoman rocks back and forth with the main glider.
A '''chair cover''' is a temporary fabric cover for a side chair. They are typically rented for formal events such as wedding receptions to increase the attractiveness of the chairs and decor. The chair covers may come with decorative chair ties, a ribbon to be tied as a bow behind the chair. Covers for sofas and couches are also available for homes with small children and pets. In the second half of 20th century, some people used custom clear plastic covers for expensive sofas and chairs to protect them.
'''Chair pads''' are cushions for chairs. They contain cotton or foam for padding. Some are decorative. In cars, they may be used to increase the height of the driver. Orthopedic backrests provide support for the back. Some manufacturers have patents on their designs and are recognized by medical associations as beneficial [http://www.physiotherapy.ca/?WCE=C=47%7CK=223736][http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/1996/June/05.html][http://www.chiroeco.com/article/1996/1996.php3?article=050696f2&menu=050696]. Car seats sometimes have built-in and adjustable lumbar supports. These can also be used on kitchen chairs.
'''Chair mats''' are mats meant to cover carpet or hardwood flooring. They are usually made from plastic. This allows chairs on wheels to roll easily over the carpet and/or protects the carpet or floor. They come in various shapes, some specifically sized to fit partially under a desk.
'''Remote control bags''' can be draped over the arm of easy chairs or sofas and used to hold remote controls. They are counter-weighted so as to not slide off the arms under the weight of the remote control.
'''Chair glides''' are attached to the feet of chairs to prevent them from scratching or snagging on the floor.
{{-}}
==Chairs as sculptural and art forms==
[[File:Pay2sit SteveMann SanFranciscoArtInstitute 2001.jpg|thumb|upright|Chair sculpture by [[Steve Mann]], exhibited at San Francisco Art Institute, 2001, comprises spikes that retract when a credit card is inserted to download a seating license.]]
[[File:The Twelve Chairs monument in Odessa (Ukraine) 2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Twelve Chairs]] monument in [[Odessa]] - Deribassovskaya street ([[Ukraine]]).]]
The '''''[[Broken Chair]]''''' is a [[monumental sculpture]] in wood, constructed of 5.5 tons of wood, 12 metres (39 feet) high standing across the street from the [[Palace of Nations]] in [[Geneva]]. It has broken leg symbolising opposition to [[land mine]]s and [[cluster bomb]]s.
In 2001, [[Steve Mann]] exhibited a chair sculpture at San Francisco Art Institute. The chair had spikes that retracted when a credit card was inserted to download a seating license.
Later other museums and galleries were equipped with the Pay to Sit chair, with a global central seating license server located in Toronto. Patrons anywhere in the world could each receive one free seat license. The first sitting session was free, with a database of persons who had already used their free session.
In a controversial performance piece at the 2012 Republican Political Convention, Clint Eastwood addressed an empty chair, as if it represented President Barack Obama (meant to be construed as MIA or ineffectual). The address was controversial, whether it was poignant or bizarre.<ref>http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/obama-mitt-romney-clint-eastwood-trouble-with-curve-367979</ref>
Japanese designer, [[Tokujin Yoshioka]] has created several chairs as art forms such as Honey-pop : honey-comb paper chair (2001), PANE chair : natural fiber chair (2006), VENUS : natural crystal chair (2007).
== In language ==
* A film or a story is said to ''keep you on the edge of your seat'', if it is suspenseful or engaging.
* If you ''nearly fell off your chair'', it was because you were very surprised.
* An orchestra awards a musician a chair or seat based on ability. The best player in a particular section will receive "first chair," or the "principal seat." It is also common for this position to be known as 'first stand,' a reference to the portable lectern on which the musicians put their sheet music. However, the person who is first chair in the first violin section is usually referred to as the [[concertmaster]] in the [[United States|USA]] or [[Concertmaster|leader]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].
* [[Musical chairs]] is a common party game, and a colloquial expression to describe people shuffling from seat to seat, or around different locations.
* In American slang, to say someone has gotten "the chair" is to say that they have been executed by an [[electric chair]]. Alternately, it can also be a euphemism for harsh punishment based on the same idea.
*To be on its last leg is an expression that stems from the practice of sawing the ends of chair legs off in previous centuries. It means that it is decrepit and nearing the end of its serviceability.
== See also ==
{{commons category|Chairs}}
See [[List of chairs]] for an extended list of chair types, such as the [[bean bag chair]], [[lift chair]], [[papasan chair]], [[couch|sofa]], [[swivel chair]], [[throne]].
{{div col}}
* [[Couch]]
* [[Cushion]]
* [[Electric chair]]
* [[History of the chair]]
* [[Riding-like sitting]]
* [[Sitting]]
* [[Seat]]
* [[Seating assignment]]
* [[Splat (furniture)|Splat]], the central vertical element of a wooden chair back
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
*de Dampierre, F. (2006). Chairs: A History. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-5484-2
*Fiell, C. (2005). 1000 Chairs. (25th ed.). Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-4103-X
*Miller, J. (2009). Chairs. Conran. ISBN 1-84091-523-4
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|chair}}
*"Guide to Great Chair Design." Guide to Great Chair Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 May 2011. <http://greatchairdesign.com/>
*"chair history — Chair Blog." Chair Blog — Chairs, Chair Designers and Chair Manufacturers. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 May 2011. <http://www.chairblog.eu/category/chair-history/>.
[[Category:Chairs| ]]
[/noparse][/editline]
i'd take a man's life to protect my beasts.
[QUOTE=Levelog;45530973]I just live my life by the 3 no's. No kids, no wife, no pets.[/QUOTE]
I'm guessing you really enjoy living in solitude?
[QUOTE=B!N4RY;45531224]I'm guessing you really enjoy living in solitude?[/QUOTE]
Not entirely. Living with a girlfriend of almost 3 years. But in general, I prefer to have most interaction on my own terms.
[editline]29th July 2014[/editline]
Anyways, enough of Levelog's unpopular opinions. Today I had a customer come in saying they will never buy a Lenovo again because the one we sold them [I]gets infected far easier than their old system[/I].
personally i dislike lenovos because if you try to walk on them wearing socks they're far too slippery. really prefer carpet. maybe wood flooring.
[QUOTE=Derpmeifter;45531289]personally i dislike lenovos because if you try to walk on them wearing socks they're far too slippery. really prefer carpet. maybe wood flooring.[/QUOTE]
wat
Lenovo / lino(leum)flooring.
At least I think that is the joke
The joke is that it's something completely unrelated to the product itself. At least I think.
2 x 14000$ Servers are getting shipped to workplace today, and I'm the one who sets them up :3
yay
[QUOTE=kaukassus;45531505]2 x 14000$ Servers are getting shipped to workplace today, and I'm the one who sets them up :3
yay[/QUOTE]
Don't break them.
[QUOTE=kaukassus;45531505]2 x 14000$ Servers are getting shipped to workplace today, and I'm the one who sets them up :3
yay[/QUOTE]
Watch as they turn up with all the tilt+shock sensors tripped
[QUOTE=kaukassus;45531505]2 x 14000$ Servers are getting shipped to workplace today, and I'm the one who sets them up :3
yay[/QUOTE]
If you smell smoke, remember, they're just breaking in.
I'm gonna leave the workplace by the end of next week anyway.
#YOLO
Wow, my post #5000 is YOLO.
[QUOTE=kaukassus;45531752]I'm gonna leave the workplace by the end of next week anyway.
#YOLO
Wow, my post #5000 is YOLO.[/QUOTE]
You only live once, so waste all your time on FP. Like me!
FP is a great place with great people. (Except for SH, FT and Rust Forum)
I love you guys <3
over 13000 posts on this forum, what the hell am I doing with my life
Yeah as a whole FP can be pretty shitty but in the smaller groups there are some great people. With exceptions of course.
[QUOTE=Leestons;45531820]Yeah as a whole FP can be pretty shitty but in the smaller groups there are some great people. With exceptions of course.[/QUOTE]
There's always gonna be dicks in a big group, I just make use of the ignore list.
I still have no idea how my posts jumped from like 4k to over here, 7k.
[editline]29th July 2014[/editline]
I thought I slowed down my posting a lot but apparently the posts just keep rolling in.
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